Apoplejía pituitaria e infección por SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) / Pituitary apoplexy and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection

Resumen La infección por coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19) es responsable de un diverso rango de manifestaciones extrapulmonares entre las cuales se destaca el compromiso neurológico directo o indirecto. La apoplejía hipofisaria es una entidad médica y neuroquirúrgica de gravedad variable que suele asociarse a la presencia de un adenoma subyacente. Un escaso número de reportes han vinculado estas dos enfermedades entre sí. Este trabajo describe un caso de apoplejía hipofisaria manifestada clínicamente en for ma concomitante al diagnóstico de COVID 19, en un paciente con macroadenoma hipofisario desconocido y su manejo terapéutico, revisando los mecanismos potencialmente subyacentes al nexo entre ambas entidades.

Abstract Coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19) is responsible for a wide variety of extrapulmonary manifestations, among which direct or indirect neurological compromise stands out. Pituitary apoplexy is a clinical and neurosurgical entity of variable severity, usually associated with a pituitary adenoma. Literature is scarce regarding the association between these diseases. This paper reports a case of pituitary apoplexy, manifested concomitantly to the diagnosis of COVID 19 in a patient with unknown pituitary macroadenoma, and its therapeutic management, reviewing the mechanisms potentially underlying the link between both entities.

[Pituitary apoplexy and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection]. / Apoplejía pituitaria e infección por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).

Coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19) is responsible for a wide variety of extrapulmonary manifestations, among which direct or indirect neurological compromise stands out. Pituitary apoplexy is a clinical and neurosurgical entity of variable severity, usually associated with a pituitary adenoma. Literature is scarce regarding the association between these diseases. This paper reports a case of pituitary apoplexy, manifested concomitantly to the diagnosis of COVID 19 in a patient with unknown pituitary macroadenoma, and its therapeutic management, reviewing the mechanisms potentially underlying the link between both entities.

La infección por coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19) es responsable de un diverso rango de manifestaciones extrapulmonares entre las cuales se destaca el compromiso neurológico directo o indirecto. La apoplejía hipofisaria es una entidad médica y neuroquirúrgica de gravedad variable que suele asociarse a la presencia de un adenoma subyacente. Un escaso número de reportes han vinculado estas dos enfermedades entre sí. Este trabajo describe un caso de apoplejía hipofisaria manifestada clínicamente en forma concomitante al diagnóstico de COVID 19, en un paciente con macroadenoma hipofisario desconocido y su manejo terapéutico, revisando los mecanismos potencialmente subyacentes al nexo entre ambas entidades.

Endoscopic resection through a retrosigmoid transmeatal approach of a large-sized vestibular schwannoma: operative video and technical nuances.

Surgical management of vestibular schwannomas has improved over the last 30 years. Whereas in the past the primary goal was to preserve the patient's life, today neurological function safeguarding is the main objective, with numerous strategies involving single resection, staged resections, postoperative radiosurgery, or single radiosurgery. The retrosigmoid approach remains the primary pathway for surgical access to the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). The use of an endoscope has great advantages. It contributes to the visualization and resection of residual tumor and also reduces the need for cerebellar retraction. The authors present a fully endoscopic resection of a large-sized vestibular schwannoma with facial nerve preservation. The video can be found here: https://stream.cadmore.media/r10.3171/2021.7.FOCVID21106.

Correction to: Paediatric Recurrent Ear, Nose and Throat Infections and Complications: Can We Do More?

The reference of Fig. 4 is Dang et al. [20] instead Parola et al. [19].

Paediatric Recurrent Ear, Nose and Throat Infections and Complications: Can We Do More?

Recurrent respiratory tract infections (rRTIs), of which there are three main groups-otitis media, tonsillitis and sinusopathies-are very common in paediatric populations and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to complications. These infections substantially reduce quality of life for paediatric patients and their families and are a significant personal, medical and economic burden on the patients, the patients' families and the healthcare system. Most rRTIs are of viral origin; however, indiscriminate use of antibiotics in their treatment has led to development of bacterial resistance. Effective management of rRTIs to reduce the burden of disease and to avoid overuse of antibiotics has become a great therapeutic challenge. New strategies for the management of paediatric rRTIs include focus on prevention using non-specific immunomodulators to boost the body's natural defences against infection and to downregulate infection- and allergen-induced airway inflammation. The oral immunomodulator, OM-85, a bacterial lysate, acts on the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system, conferring protection against viral and bacterial infections, and controls inflammation, thereby reducing tissue damage. OM-85 has demonstrated good tolerability and clinical efficacy in reducing the number and duration of RTIs in children with recurrent airway infections. It has also been reported to reduce the use of concomitant medications, including antibiotics, time to cure and school absenteeism. OM-85 is efficacious and well tolerated when administered concomitantly with inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and has been shown to reduce wheezing attacks induced by RTI in young children. Clinical results show that the greater the risk of rRTIs, the greater the benefit with OM-85. OM-85 may be considered a promising tool to add to the limited armamentarium of the ear, nose and throat (ENT) physician dealing with rRTIs and their complications, such as recurrent wheeze and asthma inception.

Immunity-targeted approaches to the management of chronic and recurrent upper respiratory tract disorders in children.

BACKGROUND: Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), including rhinitis, nasopharyngitis, tonsillitis and otitis media (OM), comprise of 88% of total respiratory infections, especially in children. Therefore effective prevention and treatment of RTIs remain a high priority worldwide. Preclinical and clinical data highlight the rationale for the use and effectiveness of immunity-targeted approaches, including targeted immunisations and non-specific immunomodulation in the prevention and management of recurrent upper RTIs. OBJECTIVE OF REVIEW: The idea of this review was to summarise the current evidence and address key questions concerning the use of conservative and immunity-targeted approaches to recurrent and chronic URTIs, with a focus on the paediatric population. SEARCH STRATEGY/EVALUATION METHOD: Literature searches were conducted in March 2017 and updated in September 2017 using: Academic Search Complete; CENTRAL; Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition; MEDLINE; clinicaltrials.gov; and Cochrane databases. In total, 84 articles were retrieved and reviewed. Two independent researchers focused on primary and secondary endpoints in systematic reviews, meta-analyses and randomised, controlled trials, using immunity-directed strategies as the control group or within a subpopulation of larger studies. Existing guidelines and interventional/observational studies on novel applications were also included. RESULTS: Children are particularly susceptible to RTIs due to the relative immaturity of their immune systems, as well as other potential predisposing factors such as day care attendance and/or toxic environmental factors (eg increased pathogenic microbial exposure and air pollutants). Recurrent URTIs can affect otherwise healthy children, leading to clinical sequelae and complications, including the development of chronic conditions or the need for surgery. Available pre-clinical and clinical data highlight the rationale for the use and effectiveness of immunity-targeted approaches, including targeted immunisations (flu and pneumococcal vaccines) and non-specific immunomodulation (bacterial lysates), in the prevention and management of recurrent croup, tonsillitis, otitis media, recurrent acute rhinosinusitis and chronic rhinosinusitis. CONCLUSIONS: In this review, we summarise the current evidence and provide data demonstrating that some immunity-targeted strategies, including vaccination and immunomodulation, have proved effective in the treatment and prevention of recurrent and chronic URTIs in children.

Lesiones por virus de papiloma humano de la vía aerodigestiva superior, incidencia de subtipos / Human papilloma virus related lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract, incidence of subtypes / Lesões por vírus do papiloma humano do trato aerodigestivo superior - Incidência de subtipos

Antecedentes: el cáncer de la vía aerodigestiva superior (CVADS), al que con frecuencia se lo engloba como “cáncer de cabeza y cuello”, tiene una incidencia aproximada de 30 nuevos casos cada 100.000 habitantes por año, habiendo presentado un aumento significativo en la última década. Los principales factores de riesgo para el CVADS siguen siendo la exposición al tabaco y el alcohol, pero el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) se ha encontrado asociado en la etiología del 20 al 25% de los CVADS, principalmente los ubicados en la región de la orofaringe. El virus tiene dos oncoproteínas, E6 y E7. E6 tiene la propiedad de unirse a la proteína celular p53, que regula la transcripción de la p21 e inhibe las quinasas ciclindependientes, las cuales son esenciales para la progresión del ciclo celular a la fase S, haciendo que la célula se replique descontroladamente...

Background: cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract (cuadt) that often encompasses it as “cancer of the head and neck, has an incidence of 30 new cases per 100,000 population per year, having presented a significant increase in the last decade. The main risk factors for CUADT remain exposure to tabaco and alcohol, but the human papillomavirus (HPV) has been found associated in the etiology of 20 to 25% of CUADT, mainly those located in the region oropharynx. The virus has two oncoproteins E6 and E7. E6 has the property of binding to cellular p53 protein that regulates transcription of p21, which inhibits cyclin dependent-kinases which are essential for cell cycle progression to S phase causing the cell to replicate uncontrollably...

Antecedentes: o câncer do trato aerodigestivo superior, que é frequentemente englobado no “câncer de cabeça e pescoço”, tem uma incidência aproximada de 30 casos novos cada 100.000 habitantes por ano, com um incremento significativo na última dé- cada. Os principais fatores de risco para o câncer de cabeça e de pescoço continuam sendo a exposição ao tabaco e ao álcool, mas o vírus do papiloma humano (VPH) é associado na etiologia de 20% até 25% dos casos de câncer do trato aerodigestivo superior, principalmente nos localizados na região da orofaringe. O vírus contém duas oncoproteínas E6 e E7. A E6 tem a propriedade de se unir à proteí- na celular p53, a qual regula a transcrição da p21, a qual inibe as quinases dependentes de ciclina que são essenciais para a progressão do ciclo celular à fase S, fazendo com que a célula se replique descontroladamente...

Granuloma de cholesterol mastoideo con invansión de la fosa media y posterior. Reporte de un caso / Mastoid colesterol granuloma associated to middle and posterior fossa invasión: case report

Objetivo: describir un caso de granuloma de colesterol mastoideo sin antecedentes de enfermedad otológica crónica, de etiología post-traumática, con invasión de la fosa media y la fosa posterior. Descripción: paciente varón de 30 años que consulta al servicio de emergencias por cefalea intensa holocraneana de 10 días de evolución. Al examen físico no se detecta déficit neurológico. Al interrogatorio dirigido, el paciente refiere antiguo traumatismo de cráneo a los 14 años en la región mastoidea derecha, por el que le fueron realizados varios lavajes de oído sin consecuencias ulteriores. La imagen de resonancia magnética mostraba lesión expansiva en mastoides derecha hiperintensa en T1 y T2, que no se modificaba con la administración del contraste, con expansión a la fosa media y posterior. Intervención: el paciente fue sometido a una mastoidectomía con exposición de las paredes del quiste, que fueron resecadas parcialmente, dejando comunicada la cavidad residual con el oído medio a través del antro mastoideo. Conclusión: los granulomas de colesterol de la región tímpano-mastoidea se presentan generalmente en pacientes con historia de otitis media crónica y se limitan al compartimiento de origen. Los granulomas con comportamiento agresivo son poco frecuentes, y su agresividad estaría dada por el origen del sangrado, su cantidad y su persistencia. El objetivo del tratamiento es el drenaje del contenido del granuloma y restaurar la ventilación, sin necesidad de resecar toda la pared

Granuloma de cholesterol mastoideo con invansión de la fosa media y posterior. Reporte de un caso / Mastoid colesterol granuloma associated to middle and posterior fossa invasión: case report

Objetivo: describir un caso de granuloma de colesterol mastoideo sin antecedentes de enfermedad otológica crónica, de etiología post-traumática, con invasión de la fosa media y la fosa posterior. Descripción: paciente varón de 30 años que consulta al servicio de emergencias por cefalea intensa holocraneana de 10 días de evolución. Al examen físico no se detecta déficit neurológico. Al interrogatorio dirigido, el paciente refiere antiguo traumatismo de cráneo a los 14 años en la región mastoidea derecha, por el que le fueron realizados varios lavajes de oído sin consecuencias ulteriores. La imagen de resonancia magnética mostraba lesión expansiva en mastoides derecha hiperintensa en T1 y T2, que no se modificaba con la administración del contraste, con expansión a la fosa media y posterior. Intervención: el paciente fue sometido a una mastoidectomía con exposición de las paredes del quiste, que fueron resecadas parcialmente, dejando comunicada la cavidad residual con el oído medio a través del antro mastoideo. Conclusión: los granulomas de colesterol de la región tímpano-mastoidea se presentan generalmente en pacientes con historia de otitis media crónica y se limitan al compartimiento de origen. Los granulomas con comportamiento agresivo son poco frecuentes, y su agresividad estaría dada por el origen del sangrado, su cantidad y su persistencia. El objetivo del tratamiento es el drenaje del contenido del granuloma y restaurar la ventilación, sin necesidad de resecar toda la pared